Excel Functions

Build a cell address as text from row and column numbers - "$C$5" - with control over $ style, R1C1, and sheet names. Pairs with INDIRECT.

Counts the separate rectangular blocks inside a reference - wrap multi-area unions in an extra pair of parentheses.

Pick a value from a list by position — index 2 returns the second value. One selector cell can switch entire ranges in and out of a model.

Return just the columns you want from a table — in any order. Negative numbers count from the end, so -1 is always the last column.

Return just the rows you want from a range by position. Negative numbers count from the bottom — -1 is always the newest row of a growing log.

Return the column number of a cell - A is 1, B is 2 - or of the formula's own cell. Automates VLOOKUP's col_index_num for drag-across lookups.

Count how many columns a range or array spans. Builds VLOOKUP column indexes that survive inserted columns.

Returns an array with rows or columns removed from its edges - drop headers with 1, totals rows with -1.

Grows an array to a fixed size, padding new cells with a value you choose - or with #N/A errors if you forget pad_with.

Return every row that meets your criteria — one formula, many results, updates automatically.

Returns another cell's formula as a text string - perfect for audit columns, documentation, and spotting pasted-over values.

Pulls a value out of a PivotTable by describing it with field/item pairs, so the formula survives pivot rearranging.

Builds a PivotTable-style grouped summary with one spilling formula that recalculates live.

VLOOKUP's horizontal twin: find a value in the top row of a table and return a value from a row below.

Places ranges or arrays side by side — left to right — into a single spilled result.

Creates a clickable link to a web page, email, file, or cell, displaying friendly text of your choosing.

Places a picture inside a cell from an https URL, so it sorts, filters, and moves with its row.

Return the value at a given row and column of a range. Half of the famous INDEX/MATCH combo.

Turns a text string like "North!B9" into a live cell reference, so references can be assembled from cell values.

Legacy approximate-match lookup across a vector. Still handy for tier tables and last-value tricks.

Find the position of a value in a row or column. The other half of INDEX/MATCH.

Returns a reference shifted a given number of rows and columns from a starting cell, optionally resized to a height-by-width range.

Builds a live cross-tab - row groups, column groups, aggregated values, and totals - from one spilling formula. GROUPBY's 2-D sibling.

Return the row number of a cell - or of the formula's own cell. Powers numbering that repairs itself when rows are deleted.

Count how many rows a range or array spans - full or empty. Great for measuring FILTER results and building running counts.

Receives live pushed data - market quotes, sensor feeds - from an installed real-time data server. A connector, not a data source: no add-in, no data.

Returns a sorted copy of a range that spills onto the sheet and re-sorts itself whenever the source data changes.

Sorts a range by one or more other ranges - the sort keys never have to appear in the spilled result.

Keeps only the first or last rows and columns of an array - negatives count from the end. The go-to wrapper for top-N lists.

Flattens any range or array into a single column, with control over blanks, errors, and reading order.

Flattens any range or array into a single row, with control over blanks, errors, and reading order.

Flip a range on its diagonal — rows become columns and columns become rows — with a live link to the source. Spills in 365, Ctrl+Shift+Enter before.

Strips blank outer rows and columns from a reference - makes whole-column references fast and safe. Shorthand: the A1:.E10 trim-ref operators.

Returns a live, spilled list of distinct values - or, with exactly_once, only the values that appear a single time.

The classic: find a value in the first column of a table and return a value from another column in the same row.

Stacks ranges or arrays vertically — one on top of another — into a single spilled result.

Folds a single row or column of values into a grid, filling column by column at the height you choose.

Folds a single row or column of values into a grid, filling row by row at the width you choose.

The modern lookup: searches any direction, exact match by default, built-in error handling. Replaces VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP.

The modern MATCH: find a value's position with exact match by default, search from the end, and no-sort next-smaller/larger modes.

Returns TRUE only when every condition is TRUE - the strict gatekeeper for multi-condition IF tests.

Feeds each whole column of a range to a LAMBDA and spills one result per column - a totals row, monthly maximums, or per-column verdicts from one formula.

Feeds each whole row of a range to a LAMBDA and spills one result per row - row totals, row maximums, and per-row verdicts from a single formula.

Returns the logical value FALSE; kept for compatibility - the plain literal FALSE is equivalent. In math, FALSE coerces to 0.

Tests a condition and returns one value when it's TRUE and another when it's FALSE - the foundation of every spreadsheet decision.

Returns a formula's result when it works and your fallback when it raises any error - the universal (and sometimes too eager) safety net.

Replaces only the #N/A error with your fallback and lets every other error through - the safer wrapper for VLOOKUP, XLOOKUP, and MATCH.

Checks a flat list of conditions in order and returns the value for the first one that's TRUE - nested IF without the nesting.

Builds your own reusable custom function from formula logic - test it inline, then save it in Name Manager and call it like a native function.

Names values and expressions inside a formula, then reuses them in a final calculation - more readable, and each value computes only once.

Generates a brand-new array of any size, computing each cell from its row and column indexes - multiplication tables, checkerboards, and calendar grids from one formula.

Applies a LAMBDA to every element of an array and spills the transformed array back - pass several same-size arrays to zip them together.

Reverses a logical value: TRUE becomes FALSE and FALSE becomes TRUE. The cleanest way to express 'everything except' conditions.

Returns TRUE when at least one condition is TRUE - the lenient counterpart to AND for any-of-these IF tests.

Folds an array down to a single value by carrying an accumulator through every element - Excel's general-purpose loop.

Walks an array with an accumulator and a LAMBDA, returning every intermediate result - running totals and products in one spilled formula.

Compares one expression against a list of exact values and returns the matching result, with an optional default for everything else.

Returns the logical value TRUE; kept for compatibility - the plain literal TRUE is equivalent. In math, TRUE coerces to 1.

Exclusive or: TRUE when an odd number of arguments are TRUE. With two tests, that means one or the other - not both.

Converts a whole range or spilled array into one text string - concise comma list by default, or exact formula-style array syntax with format 1. The strict mode is Excel's best debugging lens.

Converts full-width (zenkaku) letters, digits, and katakana to half-width (hankaku) - the fix for Japanese imports where '123' is text that will not sum or match.

Converts a number to Thai text spelled out as baht currency - Excel's only built-in number-to-words function. No English version exists; use LAMBDA or VBA for that.

Returns the character for an ANSI code number (1-255). The classic move: CHAR(10) inserts a line break inside a formula.

Deletes non-printable control characters (ASCII 0-31) from text - the invisible junk that imports drag in. Pair with TRIM for a full scrub.

Returns the ANSI code (1-255) of the first character of a text string. The detective tool for unmasking invisible characters that break lookups.

Joins text from cells, strings, and whole ranges into one value - the modern replacement for CONCATENATE, minus a delimiter option.

Joins up to 255 individual text items into one string - the legacy function that works in every Excel version but cannot accept ranges.

Converts half-width (hankaku) characters to full-width (zenkaku) - the opposite of ASC, and the fix for cramped half-width katakana from legacy exports. Named JIS in Japanese Excel.

Converts a number to currency-formatted text like $1,234.57, with accounting parentheses for negatives - made for sentences, not for math.

Compares two text strings character for character, case included - the case-sensitive test that the = operator and every lookup function refuse to be.

Returns the position of text inside text, case-sensitively - the engine behind LEFT/MID/RIGHT extraction combos.

Case-sensitive search that returns the match's position in bytes - DBCS characters count as 2 on Japanese, Chinese, and Korean system locales. In English it works exactly like FIND.

Rounds a number to a set number of decimals and returns it as text with thousands commas - great for labels, but invisible to SUM.

Returns the first characters of a text string - the go-to for prefixes, initials, and (with FIND) the first word.

Returns the first num_bytes bytes of a string - DBCS characters (Japanese, Chinese, Korean) count as 2 bytes on those system locales. In English it works exactly like LEFT.

Counts every character in a string - including the invisible spaces that break lookups - and powers RIGHT+LEN and LEN-SUBSTITUTE tricks.

Counts a string's length in bytes - DBCS characters (Japanese, Chinese, Korean) count as 2 on those system locales. In English it returns exactly what LEN does.

Converts every letter in a text string to lowercase - the standard fix for email addresses, usernames, and URLs typed with random capitalization.

Extracts characters from the middle of a string - any segment, anywhere, and (with FIND) pieces whose position varies row to row.

Extracts a substring by byte position and byte length - DBCS characters count as 2 bytes on Japanese, Chinese, and Korean system locales. In English it works exactly like MID.

Converts text to a number with separators you declare yourself - the fix for European-format imports like 1.234,56 on a US system.

Extracts the furigana reading stored with Japanese text typed via an IME - the key to sorting kanji name lists. Pasted or imported text has no reading, so it returns the text itself.

Capitalizes the first letter of every word and lowercases the rest - the quick fix for name lists, with one famous gotcha: McDonald becomes Mcdonald.

Overwrites a stretch of text by position - start here, replace this many characters. Set num_chars to 0 to insert instead.

Overwrites a byte-defined region of a string - DBCS characters span 2 byte positions on Japanese, Chinese, and Korean system locales. In English it works exactly like REPLACE.

Repeats text a set number of times - the engine behind in-cell bar charts, star ratings, leading zeros, and dot leaders.

Returns the last characters of a text string - last-four digits, file extensions, suffixes, and the leading-zeros padding trick.

Returns the last num_bytes bytes of a string - DBCS characters (Japanese, Chinese, Korean) count as 2 bytes on those system locales. In English it works exactly like RIGHT.

Finds the position of text inside text, ignoring case and supporting ? * wildcards - the everyday 'does it contain' tool.

Case-insensitive, wildcard-friendly search that returns the match position in bytes - DBCS characters count as 2 on Japanese, Chinese, and Korean system locales. In English it works exactly like SEARCH.

Swaps text by value - replace every occurrence of a string, or just the nth one. Case-sensitive, and the engine behind the count-occurrences trick.

Returns the value if it is text, empty text otherwise - a tiny legacy filter that still helps triage imported data.

Converts a number or date to text in any format you specify - currency, dates, leading zeros - perfect for labels and sentences, but the result is text, not a number.

Returns everything after a chosen delimiter - negative instance numbers grab text after the last occurrence.

Returns everything before a chosen delimiter - with instance numbers that can count from the end of the text.

Joins a range of values into one string with a delimiter between each piece, optionally skipping blank cells.

Splits one text value into spilled columns, rows, or a 2-D grid at every delimiter - a live, self-updating Text to Columns.

Strips leading and trailing spaces and collapses internal runs to a single space - the classic fix for lookups broken by invisible spaces.

Returns the character for any Unicode code point - bullets, check marks, arrows, trademark signs, and every script Unicode covers.

Returns the Unicode code point of a string's first character - the forensic tool for unmasking invisible characters that break lookups.

Converts every letter in a text string to capitals - the standard fix for inconsistently typed codes, IDs, and abbreviations.

Converts a number stored as text into a real number - the antidote to imported columns that SUM totals as zero.

Converts any single value to text. Strict mode (format 1) wraps text in quotes, instantly exposing text-numbers and stray spaces that break lookups and sums.

Read KPI value, goal, status, or trend from the model — scorecards without PivotTables.

Validate and display a Data Model member — the reusable building block CUBEVALUE reports are made of.

Read an attribute of a cube member (city, region, manager) from an Analysis Services cube.

Pull the nth item from a sorted cube set — self-updating top-10 leaderboards.

Define a sorted set of Data Model members — the foundation of self-updating top-N reports.

Count the items in a cube set — headline numbers like 'how many active customers' from the Data Model.

Pull an aggregated measure from the Data Model, filtered by any members — the engine behind formula-based pivot reports.

Percent-encode text so it's safe inside a URL — the glue for WEBSERVICE and HYPERLINK query strings.

Extract values from XML with XPath — mine WEBSERVICE responses or split strings the pre-TEXTSPLIT way.

Fetch a URL's response straight into a cell — one-formula API calls, best paired with FILTERXML.

Builds a real date serial number from separate year, month, and day values, rolling overflow forward - month 13 becomes January of the next year.

Hidden but fully supported: returns the gap between two dates in whole years, months, or days - the go-to function for calculating age.

Convert a text date into a real date serial so it sorts and calculates.

Extracts the day of the month (1-31) from any date - the day component of Excel's date serial number.

Counts the calendar days between two dates - end date first! - the function version of simple date subtraction.

Counts days on the 30/360 accounting convention - every month 30 days - for bonds, loans, and accruals; US and European methods.

Jump a set number of months from a date - renewals, due dates, same-day-next-month.

Last day of the month N months away - month-end reporting and first-of-month tricks.

Extracts the hour (0-23) from any time, date-time, day fraction, or recognizable time text.

ISO-8601 week number (Monday start, first-Thursday rule) - the international standard.

Extracts the minute (0-59) from any time, date-time, day fraction, or recognizable time text.

Extracts the month number (1-12) from any date; combine with TEXT for month names and ROUNDUP for quarters.

Counts working days between two dates inclusive - Monday to Friday minus your holiday list - for deadlines, SLAs, and schedules.

Count working days with a configurable weekend - any region's work week.

Returns the current date and time as one serial number (the decimal is the time) - volatile, refreshing on every recalculation.

Pull the seconds (0-59) out of a time value.

Builds a real Excel time (a fraction of a 24-hour day) from separate hour, minute, and second numbers, normalizing any overflow.

Convert a text time into a real time serial so durations calculate.

Returns the current date and keeps it current - volatile, rolls over at midnight. Use Ctrl+; when you need a date that never changes.

Day of the week as a number - flag weekends and build schedule logic.

Week number of the year (US convention) for weekly reporting and grouping.

Date N working days away, skipping weekends and holidays - deadlines and SLAs.

WORKDAY with a configurable weekend - custom or non-Sat/Sun work weeks.

Extracts the four-digit year from any date - the building block for annual grouping, anniversaries, and fiscal-year math.

Fraction of a year between two dates - interest accrual, prorating, precise age.

Report a cell's address, format, contents, or the workbook path.

Number code for which error a cell holds - build specific error messages.

Report the environment: Excel version, OS, recalc mode, directory.

Tests whether a cell is truly empty.

Tests whether a value is any error except #n/a.

Tests whether a value is any error.

Tests whether a number is even.

Tests whether a cell contains a formula.

Tests whether a value is a true/false logical.

Tests specifically for the #n/a error.

Tests whether a value is anything except text (numbers, blanks, errors, logicals all count).

Tests whether a value is a number.

Tests whether a number is odd.

Detect a missing LAMBDA argument - optional parameters with defaults.

Tests whether a value is a cell reference.

Tests whether a value is text.

Coerce a value to a number (TRUE=1, text=0) - and add inline formula comments.

Return #N/A on purpose - chart gaps and loud missing-data markers.

Worksheet index (tab position) - navigation and multi-sheet formulas.

Count sheets in a workbook or 3-D reference.

Pull historical stock prices into a spilled array (365 + internet).

Number code for a value's data type (1 number, 2 text, 16 error...).

Averages the values in a field for matching rows (criteria-range style).

Counts the cells containing NUMBERS in a field for matching rows (criteria-range style).

Counts the non-blank cells in a field for matching rows (criteria-range style).

Returns the one value in a field for the single row matching your criteria (criteria-range style).

Returns the largest value in a field for matching rows (criteria-range style).

Returns the smallest value in a field for matching rows (criteria-range style).

Multiplies the values in a field for matching rows (criteria-range style).

Estimates the standard deviation of a population from a sample of matching rows (criteria-range style).

Computes the standard deviation of an entire population of matching rows (criteria-range style).

Totals the values in a field for rows matching your criteria (criteria-range style).

Estimates the variance of a population from a sample of matching rows (criteria-range style).

Computes the variance of an entire population of matching rows (criteria-range style).

Returns the modified Bessel function In(x).

Returns the Bessel function Jn(x).

Returns the modified Bessel function Kn(x).

Returns the Bessel function Yn(x), also called the Weber or Neumann function.

Convert binary (base-2) to decimal (base-10).

Convert binary (base-2) to hexadecimal (base-16).

Convert binary (base-2) to octal (base-8).

Returns the bitwise AND of two numbers.

Shifts a number left by a given number of bits.

Returns the bitwise OR of two numbers.

Shifts a number right by a given number of bits.

Returns the bitwise XOR of two numbers.

Builds a complex number from real and imaginary coefficients.

Converts a number from one measurement unit to another — distance.

Convert decimal (base-10) to binary (base-2).

Convert decimal (base-10) to hexadecimal (base-16).

Convert decimal (base-10) to octal (base-8).

Tests whether two numbers are exactly equal.

Returns the error function integrated between limits.

Returns the error function integrated from 0 to x (a cleaner single-argument form of ERF).

Returns the complementary error function.

Returns the complementary error function (a standardized form of ERFC).

Returns 1 if a number is greater than or equal to a step threshold.

Convert hexadecimal (base-16) to binary (base-2).

Convert hexadecimal (base-16) to decimal (base-10).

Convert hexadecimal (base-16) to octal (base-8).

Returns the absolute value.

Returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex number.

Returns the argument.

Returns the complex conjugate.

Returns the cosine of a complex number.

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a complex number.

Returns the cotangent of a complex number.

Returns the cosecant of a complex number.

Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of a complex number.

Divides one complex number by another.

Returns e raised to a complex power.

Returns the natural logarithm of a complex number.

Returns the base-10 logarithm of a complex number.

Returns the base-2 logarithm of a complex number.

Raises a complex number to a power.

Multiplies two or more complex numbers.

Returns the real coefficient of a complex number.

Returns the secant of a complex number.

Returns the hyperbolic secant of a complex number.

Returns the sine of a complex number.

Returns the hyperbolic sine of a complex number.

Returns the square root of a complex number.

Subtracts one complex number from another.

Adds two or more complex numbers.

Returns the tangent of a complex number.

Convert octal (base-8) to binary (base-2).

Convert octal (base-8) to decimal (base-10).

Convert octal (base-8) to hexadecimal (base-16).

The Excel ACCRINT function returns the accrued interest for a security that pays periodic interest. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel ACCRINTM function returns the accrued interest for a security that pays interest only at maturity. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel AMORDEGRC function returns depreciation under the French accounting system, applying a depreciation coefficient based on asset life (the 'degressive' variant).

The Excel AMORLINC function returns depreciation under the French linear accounting system, prorated for the purchase date.

The Excel COUPDAYBS function returns the number of days from the beginning of the coupon period to the settlement date. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel COUPDAYS function returns the number of days in the coupon period that contains the settlement date. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel COUPDAYSNC function returns the number of days from the settlement date to the next coupon date. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel COUPNCD function returns the next coupon date after the settlement date. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel COUPNUM function returns the number of coupons payable between settlement and maturity. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel COUPPCD function returns the previous coupon date before the settlement date. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel CUMIPMT function returns the cumulative interest paid between two periods of a loan.

The Excel CUMPRINC function returns the cumulative principal paid between two periods of a loan.

The Excel DB function returns depreciation using the fixed-declining-balance method (accelerated, a constant rate on the reducing balance).

The Excel DDB function returns depreciation using the double-declining-balance method (or any factor you choose) — the most aggressive common accelerated method.

The Excel DISC function returns the discount rate of a security. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel DOLLARDE function converts a price expressed in fractions (like bond 32nds) to a decimal number.

The Excel DOLLARFR function converts a decimal price to fractional notation (like bond 32nds).

The Excel DURATION function returns the Macaulay duration of a bond — the weighted-average time to receive its cash flows, a key interest-rate-risk measure. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel EFFECT function converts a nominal annual interest rate to the effective annual rate, accounting for compounding frequency.

The Excel FV function returns the future value of an investment — how much regular deposits at a fixed rate will grow to, the engine behind savings and retirement projections.

The Excel FVSCHEDULE function returns the future value of a principal after applying a series of different (variable) interest rates.

The Excel INTRATE function returns the interest rate for a fully invested security (one that pays only at maturity). Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel IPMT function returns the interest portion of a specific loan payment.

The Excel IRR function returns the internal rate of return of a series of equally spaced cash flows — the discount rate at which the investment’s NPV equals zero. Compare it to your hurdle rate to accept or reject a project.

The Excel ISPMT function returns the interest paid during a period of a loan with EQUAL principal payments (not the standard level-payment loan).

The Excel MDURATION function returns the modified Macaulay duration — duration adjusted for yield, directly estimating price change per 1% yield move. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel MIRR function returns a modified internal rate of return that uses separate financing and reinvestment rates — fixing IRR's unrealistic reinvestment assumption.

The Excel NOMINAL function converts an effective annual interest rate back to the nominal (stated) rate for a given compounding frequency.

The Excel NPER function returns the number of periods needed to pay off a loan or reach a savings goal at a fixed rate and payment — the “how long will it take?” calculation.

The Excel NPV function returns the net present value of a series of future cash flows discounted at a constant rate — the core metric for evaluating investments and projects.

The Excel ODDFPRICE function returns the price per $100 of a bond with an odd (irregular) first period. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel ODDFYIELD function returns the yield of a bond with an odd (irregular) first period. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel ODDLPRICE function returns the price per $100 of a bond with an odd (irregular) last period. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel ODDLYIELD function returns the yield of a bond with an odd (irregular) last period. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel PDURATION function returns the number of periods required for an investment to reach a target value at a fixed rate.

The Excel PMT function calculates the fixed periodic payment for a loan or annuity — the monthly mortgage or car payment that pays off a balance at a constant interest rate.

The Excel PPMT function returns the principal portion of a specific loan payment.

The Excel PRICE function returns the price per $100 face value of a bond that pays periodic interest. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel PRICEDISC function returns the price per $100 of a discounted (non-interest-bearing) security. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel PRICEMAT function returns the price per $100 of a security that pays interest at maturity. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel PV function returns the present value — what a stream of future payments or a future lump sum is worth in today’s dollars, the foundation of loan valuation and investment appraisal.

The Excel RATE function finds the interest rate per period of a loan or investment — reverse-engineering the APR from the payment, term, and amount. It solves iteratively.

The Excel RECEIVED function returns the amount received at maturity for a fully invested security. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel RRI function returns the equivalent constant interest rate for the growth of an investment (the compound annual growth rate).

The Excel SLN function returns straight-line depreciation for one period — the cost minus salvage, spread evenly over the asset's life.

The Excel SYD function returns sum-of-years'-digits depreciation — an accelerated method that weights early years more, but less aggressively than DDB.

The Excel TBILLEQ function returns the bond-equivalent yield of a Treasury bill, so you can compare it to coupon bonds. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel TBILLPRICE function returns the price per $100 face value of a Treasury bill. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel TBILLYIELD function returns the yield of a Treasury bill given its price. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel VDB function returns depreciation for any partial or full period using the variable-declining-balance method, optionally switching to straight-line.

The Excel XIRR function returns the internal rate of return for cash flows on irregular, actual dates.

The Excel XNPV function returns the net present value of cash flows that occur on irregular, actual dates (unlike NPV's equal periods).

The Excel YIELD function returns the annual yield of a bond that pays periodic interest, given its price. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel YIELDDISC function returns the annual yield of a discounted security that pays no interest (like a T-bill). Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

The Excel YIELDMAT function returns the annual yield of a security that pays interest only at maturity. Settlement and maturity are dates wrap them in DATE() so Excel reads them correctly..

Returns the absolute value (magnitude) of a number.

Returns the arccosine (inverse cosine) of a number, in radians.

Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number (input >= 1).

Returns the arccotangent (inverse cotangent) of a number, in radians.

Returns the inverse hyperbolic cotangent of a number (|input| > 1).

Aggregates a range with 19 operations, optionally ignoring errors and hidden rows.

Converts a Roman numeral text into an Arabic number.

Returns the arcsine (inverse sine) of a number, in radians.

Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number.

Returns the arctangent (inverse tangent) of a number, in radians.

Returns the angle to point (x, y) in radians, quadrant-aware.

Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number (input between -1 and 1).

Converts a number to text in any base from 2 to 36.

Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of a significance.

Rounds up to the nearest integer or multiple, with a mode for negatives.

Rounds up toward positive infinity; ignores the sign of significance.

Returns the number of combinations (n choose k, no repeats).

Returns combinations with repetition allowed (Excel 2013+).

Returns the cosine of an angle (Excel works in radians).

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.

Returns the cotangent of an angle (1/TAN; Excel 2013+).

Returns the hyperbolic cotangent of a number (1/TANH; Excel 2013+).

Returns the cosecant of an angle (1/SIN; Excel 2013+).

Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of a number (1/SINH; Excel 2013+).

Converts base-N text (radix 2-36) back to a decimal number.

Converts an angle from radians to degrees.

Rounds a number up (away from zero) to the nearest even integer.

Returns e raised to a power (e ~ 2.71828).

Returns the factorial of a number (product of 1 up to n).

Returns the double factorial (product of every other integer).

Rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of a significance.

Rounds down to the nearest integer or multiple, with a mode for negatives.

Rounds down toward negative infinity; ignores the sign of significance.

Returns the greatest common divisor of the supplied values.

Rounds a number down to the nearest integer (toward negative infinity).

ISO-standard ceiling; rounds up toward positive infinity.

Returns the least common multiple of the supplied values.

Names values or calculations inside a formula for reuse.

Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of a number.

Returns the logarithm of a number to a base you choose (default 10).

Returns the base-10 (common) logarithm of a number.

Returns the determinant of a square matrix.

Returns the inverse of a square matrix (spills as an array).

Returns the matrix product of two arrays (spills).

Returns the remainder after division (sign follows the divisor).

Rounds a number to the nearest multiple of a value.

Returns the multinomial coefficient (sum)! / product of factorials.

Returns the identity matrix of a given dimension (spills).

Rounds a number up (away from zero) to the nearest odd integer.

Returns a subset's share of a total (Excel 2024+).

Returns the constant pi (3.14159265358979).

Raises a number to a power (same as the ^ operator).

Multiplies all its arguments together.

Returns the integer part of a division (truncates toward zero).

Converts an angle from degrees to radians.

Returns a random decimal number from 0 up to (not including) 1.

Returns a spilled array of random numbers (Excel 365 dynamic array).

Returns a random whole number between two bounds (inclusive).

Converts a number (0-3999) to a Roman numeral as text.

Rounds a number to a set number of digits (half away from zero).

Rounds a number toward zero to a set number of digits.

Rounds a number away from zero to a set number of digits.

Returns the secant of an angle (1/COS; Excel 2013+).

Returns the hyperbolic secant of a number (1/COSH; Excel 2013+).

Generates a spilled list of sequential numbers.

Sums a power series from a set of coefficients.

Returns the sign of a number: 1, -1, or 0.

Returns the sine of an angle (Excel works in radians).

Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number.

Returns the positive square root of a number.

Returns the square root of (number times pi).

Aggregates a range (SUM, AVERAGE...) ignoring filtered rows.

Adds numbers, cells, and ranges — Excel's most-used function.

Adds the cells that meet a single condition.

Adds cells that meet multiple conditions (AND logic).

Multiplies corresponding array elements and sums the products.

Squares each argument and sums the squares.

Sums x squared minus y squared across paired arrays.

Sums x squared plus y squared across paired arrays.

Sums the squared differences (x - y) squared across paired arrays.

Returns the tangent of an angle (Excel works in radians).

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number (between -1 and 1).

Truncates a number toward zero by dropping extra digits.

Returns the average of the absolute deviations from the mean.

Returns the arithmetic mean of numbers, cells, and ranges.

Averages values, counting text as 0 and TRUE as 1.

Averages cells that meet a single condition.

Averages cells that meet multiple conditions (AND logic).

Returns the beta probability distribution (CDF or density).

Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta distribution.

Returns the binomial probability for a number of successes.

Returns the probability of successes within a range.

Returns the smallest success count meeting a cumulative probability.

Returns the left-tailed chi-squared distribution.

Returns the right-tailed chi-squared probability (the p-value).

Inverse of the left-tailed chi-square distribution.

Inverse of the right-tailed chi-square distribution (critical values).

Returns the p-value of a chi-square test of independence.

Margin of error for a mean using the normal distribution.

Margin of error for a mean using the t-distribution.

Returns the correlation coefficient between two data sets.

Counts the cells in a range that contain numbers.

Counts the cells in a range that are not empty.

Counts the empty cells in a range.

Counts cells in a range that meet one condition.

Counts cells that meet multiple conditions across ranges.

Returns the population covariance of two data sets.

Returns the sample covariance of two data sets (divides by n-1).

Returns the sum of squared deviations from the mean.

Returns the exponential distribution (cumulative or density).

Returns the left-tailed F probability distribution.

Returns the right-tailed F probability (the F-test p-value).

Returns the inverse of the left-tailed F distribution.

Returns the inverse of the right-tailed F distribution (critical value).

Returns the two-tailed p-value of an F-test for equal variances.

Returns the Fisher transformation of a value (correlation).

Returns the inverse Fisher transformation (back to a correlation).

Predicts a future value along a linear trend (linear regression).

Predicts a future value on a timeline using exponential smoothing.

Returns the confidence-interval margin around a FORECAST.ETS prediction.

Returns the length of the seasonal cycle Excel detects in a time series.

Returns a chosen statistic (smoothing weight or error measure) from the ETS model.

Predicts a value on the linear best-fit line through known x-y data.

Counts how many values fall into each bin (histogram counts).

Returns the gamma function, a continuous extension of the factorial.

Returns the gamma distribution's density (PDF) or cumulative probability (CDF).

Returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution (a quantile).

Returns the natural log of the gamma function, ln(GAMMA(x)).

Returns ln(GAMMA(x)) with a higher-precision algorithm (modern GAMMALN).

Returns the standard-normal area from 0 to z (NORM.S.DIST minus 0.5).

Returns the geometric mean (nth root of the product) of positive numbers.

Predicts exponential growth (y = b*m^x) for new x-values.

Returns the harmonic mean of a data set (best for rates).

Returns the hypergeometric distribution (sampling without replacement).

Returns the y-intercept of a least-squares regression line.

Returns the (excess) kurtosis of a data set.

Returns the k-th largest value in a data set.

Runs a linear regression and returns the coefficients (and stats).

Fits an exponential curve and returns its coefficients (m and b).

Returns the lognormal distribution (cumulative or density).

Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution.

Returns the largest number in a set of values.

Returns the largest value, counting TRUE as 1 and text as 0.

Returns the maximum value that meets one or more conditions.

Returns the middle value of a set of numbers.

Returns the smallest number in a set of values.

Returns the smallest value, counting logicals and text (TRUE=1).

Returns the minimum value that meets one or more conditions.

Returns an array of all the most frequent values (handles ties).

Returns the most frequently occurring value in a set.

Returns the negative binomial distribution probability.

Returns the normal distribution (cumulative or density) for a value.

Returns the value x for a given normal cumulative probability.

Returns the standard normal distribution for a z-score.

Returns the z-score for a given standard normal cumulative probability.

Returns the Pearson correlation coefficient r between two data sets.

Returns the k-th percentile using the exclusive method (k strictly 0 to 1).

Returns the k-th percentile of a data set (k inclusive of 0 and 1).

Returns a value's rank as a percentile strictly between 0 and 1.

Returns a value's rank as a percentile from 0 to 1 inclusive.

Returns the number of ordered permutations (no repetition).

Returns the number of ordered permutations with repetition allowed (n^k).

Returns the standard normal density (bell-curve height) at a z-value.

Returns the Poisson probability of x events given an average rate.

Returns the probability that values fall within a range, from a probability table.

Returns a quartile (1-3) of a data set using the exclusive method.

Returns a quartile (0-4) of a data set using the inclusive method.

Ranks a number in a list, averaging the rank of any ties.

Ranks a number in a list; ties share the same top rank.

Returns R-squared (the square of Pearson's correlation) for two data sets.

Returns the sample skewness (asymmetry) of a distribution.

Returns the population skewness (asymmetry) of a distribution.

Returns the slope of the linear regression line through paired data.

Returns the k-th smallest value in a data set.

Returns a normalized z-score given a value, mean, and standard deviation.

Calculates the standard deviation of an entire population (divides by n).

Estimates the standard deviation of a sample (divides by n-1).

Sample standard deviation that counts text as 0 and TRUE/FALSE as 1/0.

Population standard deviation that counts text as 0 and TRUE/FALSE as 1/0.

Standard error of the predicted y in a linear regression.

Left-tailed Student's t-distribution (cumulative or density).

Two-tailed Student's t-distribution probability.

Right-tailed Student's t-distribution probability.

Left-tailed inverse of the Student's t-distribution.

Two-tailed inverse of the Student's t-distribution.

Probability (p-value) from a Student's t-test.

Predicted y-values along a least-squares linear fit (array).

Mean of a data set after trimming a percentage of extremes.

Variance of an entire population (divides by n).

Estimates variance from a sample (divides by n-1).

Sample variance that counts text and logical values.

Population variance that counts text as 0 and TRUE as 1.

Weibull distribution for reliability and failure-rate modeling.

One-tailed probability value of a z-test for a sample mean.

The Excel BETADIST function returns the cumulative beta probability distribution. It still works in every version, but Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with BETA.DIST, which adds a switch for the cumulative-vs-density form.

The Excel BETAINV function returns the inverse of the cumulative beta distribution — the value of x for a given probability. It is the legacy form of BETA.INV, introduced in Excel 2010.

The Excel BINOMDIST function returns the individual-term binomial probability — the chance of a given number of successes in a fixed number of independent trials. It is the legacy name of BINOM.DIST, introduced in Excel 2010.

The Excel CHIDIST function returns the right-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution. It is the legacy name of CHISQ.DIST.RT, introduced in Excel 2010.

The Excel CHIINV function returns the inverse of the right-tailed chi-squared distribution — the x value for a given right-tail probability. It is the legacy name of CHISQ.INV.RT, introduced in Excel 2010.

The Excel CHITEST function returns the p-value of a chi-squared test for independence, comparing observed counts with expected counts. It is the legacy name of CHISQ.TEST, introduced in Excel 2010.

The Excel CONCATENATE function joins up to 255 text items into one string. It works in every version of Excel ever shipped — which is exactly why it survives — but it’s officially a compatibility function: it can’t accept ranges, and Microsoft recommends CONCAT or TEXTJOIN for new workbooks. If you maintain older files, here’s everything it does and when to move on.

The Excel CONFIDENCE function returns the margin of error for a population mean, using the normal distribution. It is the legacy name of CONFIDENCE.NORM, introduced in Excel 2010.

The Excel COVAR function returns the population covariance — the average of the products of paired deviations — measuring how two variables move together. It is the legacy name of COVARIANCE.P, introduced in Excel 2010.

The Excel CRITBINOM function returns the smallest number of successes for which the cumulative binomial probability is at least a target value. It is the legacy name of BINOM.INV, introduced in Excel 2010.

The Excel EXPONDIST function returns the exponential distribution — useful for modelling the time between events. It is the legacy name of EXPON.DIST, introduced in Excel 2010.

The Excel FDIST function returns the right-tailed F probability distribution, used to compare the variability of two data sets. It is the legacy name of F.DIST.RT, introduced in Excel 2010.

The Excel FINV function returns the inverse of the right-tailed F distribution — the F value for a given right-tail probability. It is the legacy name of F.INV.RT, introduced in Excel 2010.

The Excel FLOOR function rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of a significance you choose — the mirror image of CEILING.

The Excel FORECAST function predicts a future value along a straight-line trend, using linear regression on a set of known x and y data points.

The Excel FTEST function returns the two-tailed probability that the variances of two data sets are not significantly different. It is the legacy name of F.TEST, introduced in Excel 2010.

The Excel GAMMADIST function returns the gamma distribution, used to model waiting times and skewed positive data. It is a legacy function — Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with GAMMA.DIST, which takes the same arguments.

The Excel GAMMAINV function returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution — given a probability, it finds the x value. It is a legacy function; Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with GAMMA.INV, which takes the same arguments.

The Excel HYPGEOMDIST function returns the hypergeometric distribution — the probability of a given number of successes when sampling without replacement. It is a legacy function; Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with HYPGEOM.DIST, which adds a cumulative option.

The Excel LOGINV function returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution — given a probability, it finds the x value. It is a legacy function; Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with LOGNORM.INV, which takes the same arguments.

The Excel LOGNORMDIST function returns the cumulative lognormal distribution — the probability that a positive, right-skewed variable falls at or below x. It is a legacy function; Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with LOGNORM.DIST, which adds a cumulative option.

The Excel MODE function returns the most frequently occurring value in a set of numbers. It is a legacy function; Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with MODE.SNGL, which behaves identically.

The Excel NEGBINOMDIST function returns the negative binomial distribution — the probability of a number of failures before a target number of successes. It is a legacy function; Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with NEGBINOM.DIST, which adds a cumulative option.

The Excel NORMDIST function returns the normal (bell-curve) distribution for a given mean and standard deviation. It is a legacy function; Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with NORM.DIST, which takes the same arguments.

The Excel NORMINV function returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution — given a probability, it finds the x value. It is a legacy function; Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with NORM.INV, which takes the same arguments.

The Excel NORMSDIST function returns the standard normal cumulative distribution (mean 0, standard deviation 1) for a given z-score. It is a legacy function; Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with NORM.S.DIST, which adds a cumulative option.

The Excel NORMSINV function returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution — given a probability, it returns the matching z-score. It is a legacy function; Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with NORM.S.INV, which takes the same argument.

The Excel PERCENTILE function returns the value at a given percentile of a dataset, interpolating between points. It is a legacy function; Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with PERCENTILE.INC, which behaves identically.

The Excel PERCENTRANK function returns the relative rank of a value within a dataset, as a percentage. It is a legacy function; Microsoft replaced it in Excel 2010 with PERCENTRANK.INC, which behaves identically.

The Excel POISSON function returns the Poisson probability of a number of events in a fixed interval. It is a legacy name — it still works, but Microsoft now recommends POISSON.DIST, which is identical in behaviour.

The Excel QUARTILE function returns the quartile of a data set (minimum, 25%, median, 75%, maximum). It is a legacy name — Microsoft now recommends QUARTILE.INC, which uses the same inclusive method.

The Excel RANK function returns the rank of a number within a list of numbers. It is a legacy name — Microsoft now recommends RANK.EQ, which behaves identically (ties share the top rank).

The Excel STDEV function estimates the standard deviation of a population from a sample (dividing by n−1). It is a legacy name — Microsoft now recommends STDEV.S, which is identical.

The Excel STDEVP function returns the standard deviation of an entire population (dividing by n). It is a legacy name — Microsoft now recommends STDEV.P, which is identical.

The Excel TDIST function returns the probability for the Student's t–distribution (right or two–tailed). It is a legacy name — Microsoft now recommends T.DIST.2T and T.DIST.RT.

The Excel TINV function returns the two–tailed inverse of the Student's t–distribution. It is a legacy name — Microsoft now recommends T.INV.2T, which is identical.

The Excel TTEST function returns the probability (p–value) of a Student's t–test on two data sets. It is a legacy name — Microsoft now recommends T.TEST, which is identical.

The Excel VAR function estimates the variance of a population from a sample (dividing by n−1). It is a legacy name — Microsoft now recommends VAR.S, which is identical.

The Excel VARP function returns the variance of an entire population (dividing by n). It is a legacy name — Microsoft now recommends VAR.P, which is identical.

The Excel WEIBULL function returns the Weibull distribution, widely used in reliability and failure–time analysis. It is a legacy name — Microsoft now recommends WEIBULL.DIST, which is identical.

The Excel ZTEST function returns the one–tailed probability–value of a z–test. It is a legacy name — Microsoft now recommends Z.TEST, which is identical.

The Excel CALL function invokes a procedure inside a dynamic link library (DLL) or code resource — or a procedure previously registered with REGISTER / REGISTER.ID. It is an advanced, macro-era function that runs external code, so it is disabled or tightly restricted in most modern, security-hardened Excel installations.

The Excel EUROCONVERT function converts a number to or from the euro — or between two former euro-zone currencies via euro triangulation — using the fixed legacy conversion rates. It is supplied by the optional Euro Currency Tools add-in and must be enabled before it will work.

The Excel REGISTER.ID function returns the register ID of a specified DLL or code resource that has been — or will be — registered for use with CALL. Like CALL, it is an advanced macro-era function that touches external code and is restricted in most modern, security-hardened Excel installations.