Build clickable web, email, file, or in-workbook links with HYPERLINK.

Turn text into a live cell or sheet reference with INDIRECT.

Chain two lookups: result of one feeds the next.

Do a case-sensitive lookup with EXACT and INDEX/MATCH.

Make a named range that auto-grows with OFFSET + COUNTA.

Find the closest numeric value with INDEX/MATCH + MIN/ABS.

Return the label of the highest (or lowest) value.

Flip rows and columns with the live TRANSPOSE function.

Convert a column number to its letter with ADDRESS + SUBSTITUTE.

Show the current tab name in a cell with CELL and TEXTAFTER.

Return the first or last non-blank value with the LOOKUP trick or XLOOKUP.

Return the most recent (last) match with XLOOKUP search_mode -1 or the LOOKUP trick.

Look up across a header row and return a value below with HLOOKUP.

List every tab in the workbook with a GET.WORKBOOK named formula.

Look up across several sheets by chaining IFERROR.

Look up a whole column of values in one spilling formula.

Look up data on another sheet, optionally chosen with INDIRECT.

Look up a value to the left with INDEX/MATCH.

Return several columns from one lookup that spills the whole record.

Return the 2nd, 3rd, or nth match with FILTER+INDEX or INDEX/SMALL.

Look up a value on two or more keys at once by joining them inside XLOOKUP or INDEX/MATCH.

Partial-match lookup with * and ? wildcards.

Merge two tables by a key (a formula join).

Look up on a fragment using wildcards with VLOOKUP or XLOOKUP.

Sum or average the last N rows with a moving OFFSET window.

Land a number in the right tier or tax bracket with XLOOKUP match_mode -1 — no nested IFs.

Look up by row and column label with INDEX and two MATCHes.

Land in the right band on both axes of a rate grid with INDEX/MATCH.

Pull the value where a row and a column meet, with nested XLOOKUP or INDEX/MATCH/MATCH.

Two-way lookup with nested XLOOKUP (row x column).

Find the nearest tier with XLOOKUP match mode.

Return a default instead of #N/A with XLOOKUP.

Find the last (most recent) match with XLOOKUP search mode.

Build a cumulative running total with one anchored, expanding-range SUM (or SCAN).

Running total that resets for each group with SUMIFS.

Sum rows whose label contains a word with SUMIF wildcards.

Total a column on two or more conditions at once with SUMIFS (AND logic).

Add every Nth row with SUMPRODUCT and MOD on the row number.

Sum only filtered/visible rows with SUBTOTAL (or AGGREGATE).

Sum amounts that fall on weekdays or weekends.

Sum a range that has errors using AGGREGATE.

Total values that fall in a given month with SUMIFS and EOMONTH — year-safe, no helper column.

Total amounts for a quarter with SUMIFS and EOMONTH date boundaries.

Total rows whose label contains text using SUMIF with wildcards.

Sum magnitudes ignoring sign with SUMPRODUCT + ABS.

Add the same cell across many sheets with a 3D reference.

Total just the largest few values with LARGE and SUMPRODUCT — top 3, top 5, or N from a cell.

Sum where a field is one value OR another.

Build a region-by-month matrix report with one SUMIFS filled across and down.

Count rows that meet several conditions at once with COUNTIFS.

Count empty cells in a range with COUNTBLANK.

Count cells containing a word or fragment with COUNTIF and wildcards.

Count text, numbers, non-blank or blank cells with the right COUNT function.

Count dates that fall between two dates with COUNTIFS.

Count how many dates fall on a weekday with SUMPRODUCT and WEEKDAY.

Count distinct values that meet a condition.

Count numbers, non-blanks, and blanks separately.

Count rows matching any of several conditions.

Count how many distinct entries are in a list — COUNTA(UNIQUE()) or the classic SUMPRODUCT trick.

Count values above (or below) the average.

Count values between a low and high bound with COUNTIFS.

Count distinct values within each group with UNIQUE+FILTER or SUMPRODUCT.

Group numbers into bands and count each with FREQUENCY or COUNTIFS.

Number each occurrence of a value with an expanding COUNTIF.

Average a range but skip exact zeros with AVERAGEIF and a <>0 criterion — blanks are already ignored.

Average only filtered, visible rows with SUBTOTAL code 101 — updates live as you change the filter.

Average a column that contains errors with AGGREGATE option 6.

Average values for a given day of week with SUMPRODUCT and WEEKDAY — no helper column needed.

Average the values in one category with AVERAGEIF / AVERAGEIFS.

Average the most recent N values with OFFSET and COUNT (or TAKE in 365) — the window slides as data grows.

Average only the best few values by nesting LARGE inside AVERAGE.

Smooth a series with a rolling AVERAGE window that slides down the column.

Build a cumulative running average with AVERAGE and an expanding range — the mean of everything so far.

Weight some values more than others with SUMPRODUCT divided by total weight.

Weight recent points more with SUMPRODUCT — a responsive smoothed average divided by the weight total.

Clamp a number between a floor and ceiling with nested MIN and MAX.

Get the 2nd, 3rd, or nth largest/smallest value with LARGE and SMALL.

Find the biggest value in a given month with MAXIFS and date boundaries.

Find the largest value that meets a condition with MAXIFS.

Find the smallest value that meets a condition with MINIFS.

Replace #N/A and #DIV/0! errors with a clean fallback using IFERROR / IFNA.

Compare numbers within a tolerance (floating point).

Turn scores into letter grades with IFS, nested IF, or a lookup table.

Exclusive OR: TRUE when exactly one condition holds.

Fill blank cells with the value above using IF or Go To Special.

Mark or highlight repeated values with COUNTIF — labels and conditional formatting.

Flag rows meeting every condition with AND.

Grade or band values with the IFS function.

Make an IF decision on several conditions at once by nesting AND or OR.

Catch only #N/A (not all errors) with IFNA.

Choose between IFS, nested IF, and a lookup table.

Map a value to a result with SWITCH instead of nested IFs.

Show a default value when a cell is blank.

Convert TRUE/FALSE to 1/0 to count or sum.

Turn TRUE/FALSE into Yes/No, Pass/Fail, or tick/cross.

Check that all required cells are filled.

Test whether a cell contains text with ISNUMBER and SEARCH.

Test whether a formula errored with ISERROR or ISNA.

Test whether a cell is empty with ISBLANK inside IF.

Tell real numbers from text-numbers with ISNUMBER and ISTEXT.

Count how many cells hold errors with SUMPRODUCT and ISERROR — audit a sheet in one formula.

Detect which cells contain formulas with ISFORMULA — audit a model or flag overwritten cells.

Branch on text vs numbers with ISNUMBER/ISTEXT.

Identify whether a value is a number, text, logical, or error with TYPE — branch logic on the kind.

Read a cell's address, column, type or filename with the CELL function — metadata for dynamic labels.

Test whether a number is even or odd.

Try several lookups in turn with nested IFERROR — the first hit wins, with a clean message if all miss.

Turn #N/A into 0, blank, or a message with IFNA — without hiding genuine errors like IFERROR does.

Capitalize names with PROPER, or force case with UPPER and LOWER.

Strip extra spaces, line breaks and non-breaking spaces with TRIM, CLEAN and SUBSTITUTE.

Turn numbers stored as text into real numbers with VALUE.

Convert numbers stored as text back to real numbers with VALUE or a math nudge (*1, --) so they sum.

Count characters excluding spaces with LEN + SUBSTITUTE.

Count how many times a word appears in a cell.

Count words in a cell by counting spaces with LEN and SUBSTITUTE.

Pull first and last names out of a full-name cell with TEXTBEFORE/AFTER or LEFT/RIGHT.

Pull the number out of mixed text with TEXTAFTER/VALUE or MID/FIND.

Pull text between two characters with TEXTBEFORE/AFTER or MID/FIND.

Extract text between parentheses with MID + FIND.

Pull the domain (after @) from an email with TEXTAFTER or MID/FIND.

Pull the first word from a cell with LEFT + FIND.

Pull the last word with the TRIM/RIGHT/REPT trick.

Pull the nth word from a phrase with the SUBSTITUTE/REPT/MID trick.

Get the value after a label like Name: with SEARCH.

Find and replace several things at once with nested SUBSTITUTE.

Swap text inside a formula with SUBSTITUTE or REPLACE.

Find the position of the nth occurrence of a character with FIND/SUBSTITUTE.

Find where text appears in a cell with SEARCH/FIND.

Build initials from a name with LEFT/MID or TEXTSPLIT.

Draw in-cell bar charts, stars, and progress bars with REPT.

Insert special characters and inspect codes with CHAR, CODE and UNICHAR.

Combine a range of cells into one delimited string with TEXTJOIN — skips blanks.

Join an entire range of cells with TEXTJOIN or CONCAT.

Hide all but the last few characters with REPT and RIGHT.

Turn 1 into 1st, 22 into 22nd, 13 into 13th.

Add leading zeros to numbers to a fixed width with TEXT.

Fix PROPER's mistakes (McDonald, IBM) with SUBSTITUTE patches.

Scrub extra and hidden spaces from imported text with TRIM + CLEAN.

Flatten in-cell line breaks to spaces with SUBSTITUTE + CHAR(10).

Flatten in-cell line breaks to spaces with SUBSTITUTE + CHAR(10).

Strip digits from text, keeping letters, with REGEXREPLACE.

Strip unwanted characters with nested SUBSTITUTE (or keep only digits).

Reverse the characters in a string with TEXTJOIN, MID and SEQUENCE.

Capitalize only the first letter (sentence case).

Split letters from numbers in a code like ABC123.

Break one cell into columns on a delimiter with TEXTSPLIT (or LEFT/MID/FIND).

Split a delimited cell into rows (down a column) with TEXTSPLIT.

Normalize messy phone numbers to one format with TEXT.

Convert Last, First into First Last and back.

Add (or subtract) working days to a date with WORKDAY.

Shift a date by whole months or years with EDATE.

Express an age or duration in weeks or total months.

Turn a birthdate into an age in whole years with DATEDIF and TODAY — updates itself daily.

Calculate hours between two times by subtracting and multiplying by 24.

Convert raw seconds into a readable h:mm:ss duration with TEXT.

Turn text dates into real dates with DATEVALUE or a DATE rebuild.

Convert a time like 8:30 to 8.5 decimal hours.

Count working days between dates, skipping weekends and holidays, with NETWORKDAYS.

Count how many Mondays (etc.) are in a month.

Show days, hours, and minutes remaining to a target with NOW.

Count days on the 30/360 basis used in bond and accounting math with DAYS360.

Count days until or since a date with simple date subtraction and TODAY.

Compute days in a year, leap-aware (365 or 366).

Break an age into exact years, months, and days with DATEDIF.

Jump to the next specific weekday from a date with WEEKDAY and MOD.

Find the first or last day of a date's quarter.

Get the first or last day of any month with EOMONTH — leap-year safe.

Map any date to its fiscal year and quarter for non-January calendars.

Get the calendar date that a given year and week number starts on.

Get the day-of-week name from a date with TEXT (dddd / ddd).

Turn a date into its calendar quarter with MONTH and ROUNDUP.

Get the ISO or US week number of a date with ISOWEEKNUM / WEEKNUM.

Total hours for a shift that crosses midnight with MOD.

Find the last (or first) business day of any month with WORKDAY + EOMONTH.

Turn a month number into its name (June from 6).

Count whole or calendar months between two dates.

Find the next anniversary, birthday, or renewal date with DATE.

Find the nth weekday of a month (3rd Thursday) with DATE and WEEKDAY.

Find how many days are in a month with EOMONTH and DAY (leap-safe).

Count overlapping days between two date ranges with MIN/MAX.

Round time to the nearest 15 minutes (or any interval) with MROUND.

Shift a date back a year for YoY comparisons with EDATE.

Split daily hours into regular and overtime with MIN and MAX.

Total hours past 24 using the [h]:mm format instead of letting them wrap.

Find which week of the month a date falls in.

Count business days between dates, skipping weekends and holidays, with NETWORKDAYS.

Count working days left until a deadline with NETWORKDAYS.

Aggregate an array to one value with REDUCE and LAMBDA.

Build a reusable custom function with LAMBDA + Name Manager.

Build a calculated grid from row/column positions with MAKEARRAY.

Append ranges into one with VSTACK and HSTACK.

Make a live cross-tab with PIVOTBY.

Pull every record matching a condition into a report area with FILTER (or INDEX/SMALL).

Filter rows on AND / OR conditions with FILTER.

Extract every row that meets a condition into a live, self-updating range with FILTER.

Flatten a grid into one column with TOCOL (or TOROW).

Spill a list of numbers, dates, or a grid with SEQUENCE.

Pad an array to a fixed size with EXPAND.

Pick and reorder rows or columns with CHOOSEROWS/CHOOSECOLS.

Reference a whole spill range with the # operator.

Fold a list into a grid of any width with WRAPROWS / WRAPCOLS.

Return a whole row of fields with one XLOOKUP.

Make running totals, max, or product with SCAN and LAMBDA.

Show each value as a share of total with PERCENTOF.

Sort a table by several keys with SORTBY (live formula).

Sort by a helper column or custom order with SORTBY.

Split a cell into columns (or a grid) with TEXTSPLIT.

Grab text before or after a delimiter with TEXTBEFORE/TEXTAFTER.

Summarize each row or column with BYROW / BYCOL.

Build a grouped summary in one formula with GROUPBY.

Transform every value of an array with MAP and LAMBDA.

Keep or remove the first/last rows with TAKE and DROP.

Build a distinct list with counts (UNIQUE + COUNTIF).

Turn a column with repeats into a clean, alphabetized list with SORT(UNIQUE()).

Count selections and arrangements with COMBIN, PERMUT and FACT.

Convert between decimal, binary, hex and octal with DEC2BIN/HEX2DEC.

Convert miles, kg, Celsius, hours and more with the CONVERT function.

Cycle through a list repeatedly with MOD — round-robin assignment, alternating bands, repeating schedules.

Straight-line distance between two points with SQRT and SUMSQ — the Pythagorean theorem in 2D or 3D.

Compute n! and build permutations and combinations with FACT, COMBIN and PERMUT.

Generate random numbers and random picks with RANDBETWEEN and RAND.

Find the greatest common divisor and least common multiple, and simplify ratios.

INT vs TRUNC: both drop decimals, but they differ on negatives — chop toward zero vs round down.

Take logs in any base with LOG, LN and LOG10 — for growth rates, decibels, pH and doubling time.

Multiply every value in a range with PRODUCT (compound factors).

Multiply arrays and add, or count/sum on multiple conditions, with SUMPRODUCT.

Raise to a power, take any root, or compute e^x with POWER, SQRT and EXP.

Raise to powers and take square or nth roots with POWER, ^ and SQRT.

Generate a random decimal in any range with RAND — scaled and shifted for simulations and test data.

Shuffle a list or sample without duplicates using SORTBY + RANDARRAY.

Get remainders and build cycles, odd/even tests and wraps with MOD.

Convert numbers to Roman numerals and back with ROMAN and ARABIC.

Build a cumulative product with PRODUCT and an expanding range — compound growth factors and indices.

Split a total into whole groups and a remainder with QUOTIENT and MOD.

Square every value and total them in one function with SUMSQ — the basis of variance, distance and least-squares.

Use SIN, COS and TAN with degrees by wrapping angles in RADIANS — heights, distances and angles.

Rank a list highest-to-lowest with RANK.EQ, including a no-gaps tiebreaker.

Build a running cumulative percent (Pareto).

Calculate percent change and percent of total — the right base and formatting.

Always round up or down with ROUNDUP, ROUNDDOWN, CEILING and FLOOR.

Round halves down (2.5 to 2) instead of away from zero with a ROUNDUP minus-0.5 trick.

Round up or down to the nearest multiple — to the next $5 or down to 100 — with CEILING, FLOOR and MROUND.

Round a percentage cleanly by rounding the underlying decimal — 2 places for whole percent, 3 for one decimal.

Round money cleanly to cents, nickels or whole dollars with ROUND and MROUND — fix floating-point pennies.

Round up to the next even or odd integer with EVEN and ODD — for pairs, panels and centered counts.

Round to N significant figures with ROUND and LOG10.

Round to the nearest thousand or million with ROUND and negative digits — cleaner dashboard figures.

Round to the nearest 0.5 (or quarter, dime) with MROUND, CEILING and FLOOR — for half-step pricing.

Round to decimal places with ROUND or to any multiple with MROUND.

Turn a lump sum into a level monthly payout.

Find the lump-sum balloon owed at loan maturity.

Find the units needed to cover costs (fixed / contribution margin).

Compute the compound annual growth rate from a start and end value.

Calculate a fixed loan payment from rate, term and amount with PMT.

Grow a lump sum with the compound interest formula (1+rate)^periods.

Find how long a card balance takes to clear with NPER.

Depreciate an asset with SLN, DDB, or SYD (straight-line vs accelerated).

Value future cash flows today with a DCF (NPV).

Compute dividend yield and annual income.

Estimate doubling time with the Rule of 72 and compute it exactly with NPER.

Convert nominal to effective annual rate (APR to APY) with EFFECT/NOMINAL.

Compute the full PITI mortgage payment with taxes & insurance.

Project what regular savings grow to with FV and compound interest.

See how extra payments shorten a loan with NPER.

Find an interest-only loan payment.

Find an investment's annual return where NPV is zero with IRR.

Split each loan payment into interest and principal with IPMT and PPMT.

Find the monthly deposit to reach a savings goal with PMT.

Value future cash flows in today's money with NPV (initial added outside).

Find what future money or payments are worth today with PV.

Price a bond as the present value of its cash flows.

Tell profit margin from markup, and price for a target margin.

Compute return on investment and payback period.

Adjust a return for inflation (Fisher equation).

Find the deposit to reach a target by a future date.

Value a payment that lasts forever (C/r).

Calculate annualized return on irregular cash-flow dates with XIRR.

Find a bond's yield to maturity with RATE.

Age unpaid invoices into 30/60/90-day buckets.

Allocate a shared cost across departments by weight.

Annualize a year-to-date figure into a full-year run-rate.

Apply a discount then tax in the right order.

Back out the tax from a tax-inclusive price.

Bill hours at different rates with SUMPRODUCT.

Compute budget vs actual variance in dollars and percent.

Compare two loans by payment and total interest with PMT.

Find contribution margin per unit and as a ratio.

Convert currency with a maintained exchange-rate table.

Spread fixed plus variable costs into a per-unit cost.

Take gross pay down to net with stacked deductions.

Flag low stock and compute how much to reorder.

Total an invoice's line items and tax with SUMPRODUCT.

Compare the net cost of leasing versus buying.

Look up the right sales-tax rate by region with VLOOKUP.

Chain cost-to-wholesale-to-retail markups correctly.

Find the payback period from a cash-flow stream.

Roll a sales log into profit by product with SUMIFS.

Sum a trailing 12-month (TTM) window that slides forward.

Keep a running cash balance as money comes in and out.

Pay a sales commission that steps up by tier with VLOOKUP.

Add a tip and split a bill among people.

Apply volume/quantity discount pricing with a break table.

Add tiny in-cell line, column, or win/loss sparkline charts.

Make a chart auto-expand with new data (Table or OFFSET).

Build a KPI card with a value and up/down delta.

Build a bullet chart (actual vs target vs bands).

Combine columns and a line on two axes.

Put custom text labels on chart points from cells.

Make a goal thermometer that fills toward a target.

Build a histogram by binning with FREQUENCY.

Link a chart title to a cell so it updates itself.

Draw a percent-of-goal progress bar with REPT.

Build a waterfall (bridge) chart with helper columns.

Show streaks with a direction-only win/loss sparkline.

Add a calculated field (like margin %) inside a PivotTable.

Compare best/base/worst scenarios with a selector and CHOOSE.

Find break-even by driving profit to zero with Goal Seek.

Solve backward for the input that hits a target with Goal Seek.

Group PivotTable dates into months, quarters, or years.

See how a loan payment moves as the rate changes.

Sweep one input across a range with a data table.

Model total profit from a product mix with SUMPRODUCT.

Pull a PivotTable value by field name with GETPIVOTDATA.

Show PivotTable values as a percent of the total.

Solve the price needed to hit a profit target.

Build a result grid varying two inputs at once.

Compare relative spread across datasets with STDEV / AVERAGE.

Put a margin of error around a sample mean with CONFIDENCE.

Measure how two columns move together with CORREL (-1 to +1).

Measure whether two variables move together with COVAR.

Flag outliers with the IQR rule (QUARTILE) or a z-score test.

Project future values along a trend with TREND.

Project a future value along a trend line with FORECAST or TREND.

Average compounding growth rates correctly with GEOMEAN.

Average rates and ratios correctly with HARMEAN.

Measure average spread with AVEDEV — the mean absolute distance from the average, robust to outliers.

Compare mean, median, and mode for the center.

Find the median within a group with MEDIAN+FILTER or MEDIAN(IF()).

Find the most frequent value (number or text) with MODE.

Rescale values to a 0-1 scale (min-max).

Compute percentiles and quartiles with PERCENTILE and QUARTILE.

Find a value's percentile standing within a dataset with PERCENTRANK.

Measure how well a line fits with R-squared (RSQ).

Measure spread with the range and interquartile range.

Rank values within each group with COUNTIFS.

Get a regression line's slope and intercept.

Track changing volatility with a rolling standard deviation.

Describe distribution shape with SKEW and KURT.

Measure spread with STDEV.S (sample) or STDEV.P (population).

Find how precise a sample mean is (standard error).

Average after dropping the extreme high and low values with TRIMMEAN.

Compute sample or population variance (VAR.S/.P).

Measure how many standard deviations a value is from the mean.

Clean and reformat text by pattern with REGEXREPLACE.

Color or change format by value with bracketed conditions.

Control how numbers display with custom format codes.

Display big numbers as K or millions with a format code.

Extract text by pattern with REGEXEXTRACT.

Format phone or ID numbers without changing the value.

Hide zeros or show a dash with a number format.

Build a clean custom function with LAMBDA + LET.

Name values inside a formula for clarity and speed with LET.

Write a LAMBDA that calls itself to loop without VBA.

Save a LAMBDA as a reusable custom function in Name Manager.

Validate text format with REGEXTEST (TRUE/FALSE).

Add alternating row shading with ISEVEN(ROW()) — zebra stripes.

Build a live Gantt chart from start/end dates with a CF formula.

Turn numbers into a color-gradient heat map with Color Scales.

Shade every cell that contains a formula (ISFORMULA).

Highlight cells above or below the group average automatically.

Highlight values above a threshold from a cell.

Highlight cells that mention a keyword with ISNUMBER + SEARCH.

Light up every cell that evaluates to an error with ISERROR.

Flag cells that are the wrong length with LEN.

Highlight where two columns differ.

Turn overdue dates red and upcoming ones amber with TODAY.

Shade every value that appears more than once with a COUNTIF rule.

Shade every Nth row with a MOD rule.

Highlight future (or past) dates vs TODAY.

Flag missing required entries with a blank rule.

Highlight values that appear exactly once.

Highlight rows missing any data with COUNTBLANK in a CF rule.

Highlight whole rows with a formula rule — the $C2 mixed-reference trick.

Flag entries not on an allowed list with COUNTIF.

Shade Saturdays and Sundays in a date list with WEEKDAY.

Draw a line where a sorted group changes.

Light up a whole row based on one cell using a mixed reference.

Flag the highest and lowest values with MAX/MIN rules.

Highlight the top 10% by value with PERCENTILE.

Shade the top N values with a LARGE-based conditional-formatting rule.

Turn a column of numbers into in-cell data bars.

Band by group, not just every other row, with a group counter.

Strike through tasks marked done with a CF rule.

Add traffic-light icons with your own number thresholds.

Build a drop-down list with Data Validation so entry is pick-from-a-menu.

Make a cascading drop-down where the second list depends on the first (INDIRECT).

Flag malformed email addresses with an ISNUMBER + SEARCH check.

Block duplicate entries with a COUNTIF data-validation rule.

Limit a cell to whole numbers or a value range with Data Validation.

Block entries that are too long or short with text-length validation.